COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States, affecting over 16 million Americans — with millions more undiagnosed. It encompasses emphysema (destruction of alveolar walls reducing gas exchange surface) and chronic bronchitis (chronic productive cough from airway inflammation). COPD is characterised by progressive, largely irreversible airflow obstruction confirmed by spirometry. While COPD is not curable, its progression can be substantially slowed and symptoms managed effectively. Smoking cessation is the only intervention proven to slow FEV1 decline. Bronchodilator therapy — long-acting beta-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists — improves symptoms and reduces exacerbations. Pulmonary rehabilitation significantly improves exercise capacity and quality of life. Triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA) is indicated for patients with frequent exacerbations.
